Greek has two fewer letters than English, but has two accents which, because of their frequency, are placed on the home row at the U.K. ";" position; they are dead keys. Different colors also mean different characteristics. For keyboard technology (the hardware}, see, Other original layouts and layout design software, Keyboard layouts for non-Latin alphabetic scripts, Russian QWERTY/QWERTZ-based phonetic layouts. The Sinhala keyboard layout is based on the Wijesekara typewriter for Sinhala script. The FITALY layout is optimised for use with a stylus by placing the most commonly used letters closest to the centre and thus minimising the distance travelled when entering words. With the advent of the printing telegraph, a keyboard was needed to select characters. Its advantage is that people with disabilities who cannot press two keys at the same time will still be able to use it to type in Hangul. A computer keyboard consists of alphanumeric or character keys for typing, modifier keys for altering the functions of other keys, navigation keys for moving the text cursor on the screen, function keys and system command keys – such as Esc and Break – for special actions, and often a numeric keypad to facilitate calculations. [12][better source needed] This number is not always followed, and individual keys or whole sections are commonly skipped for the sake of compactness or user preference. However, differences between national layouts are mostly due to different selections and placements of symbols on the character keys. Pressing Esc on the Myanmar keyboard layout will toggle the mouse input between virtual QWERTY keyboard and virtual Myanmar keyboard. So for the index finger, the position of second preference goes to the bottom row rather than the top row. [22], Workman is an English layout supported out-of-the-box in Linux/X11 systems.[23]. Dubeolsik (두벌식; 2-set) is by far the most common and the sole national standard of Hangul keyboard layout in use in South Korea since 1969. Although it has been demonstrated that the QWERTY layout is not the most efficient layout for typing,[4] it remains the standard. Rubber Dome Switch. The codes of three input methods are typically printed on the Chinese (traditional) keyboard: Zhuyin (upper right); Cangjie (lower left); and Dayi (lower right). Most of the structural methods are very difficult to learn but extremely efficient for experienced typists, as there is no need to select characters from a menu. On Mac OS X, handwriting recognition input method is bundled with the OS. It is customary for keyboards to be engraved appropriately to the local default mapping. Numbers are placed on two rows. In most languages except English, additional letters (some with diacritics) are required and some are present as standard on each national keyboard, as appropriate for its national language. A typical laptop has the same keyboard type as a normal keyboard, except for the fact that most laptop keyboards condense the symbols into fewer buttons to accomodate less space.There are also often extra keys such as power buttons, volume buttons, play buttons, rewind buttons, mute buttons and others. The Oyayubi Shifuto (Thumb Shift) layout is based on kana input, but uses two modifying keys replacing the space bar. Chinese keyboards are usually in US layout with/without Chinese input method labels printed on keys. Beside the Kedmanee layout also the Pattachote layout is used, though it is much less common. Exclamation mark, exclamation point, or bang. Khmer is written with no spaces between words, but lines may only be broken at word boundaries. Functional layouts can be redefined or customized within the operating system, by reconfiguring operating system keyboard driver, or with a use of a separate software application. (Technically, each key has an internal reference number, the scan code, and these numbers are what is sent to the computer when a key is pressed or released.) Typically, a modifier key is held down while another key is struck. For information on keyboard shortcut key combinations (e.g., Ctrl+S or Alt+F4), see our computer keyboard shortcut keys page. The patent was granted in 1896. The Armenian keyboard is similar to the Greek in that in most (but not all) cases, a given Armenian letter is at the same location as the corresponding Latin letter on the QWERTY keyboard. [32] Dubeolsik, which shares its symbol layout with the QWERTY keyboard, is much more commonly used. Press the Alt key, and hold it down. The Norman Layout, like Workman, deprioritizes the central columns but gives more load to the right hand with the assumption that the right hand is more capable than the left. In addition to the standard 30 letters of the Bulgarian alphabet, the layout includes the non-Bulgarian Cyrillic symbols Э and ы and the Roman numerals I and V (the X is supposed to be represented by the Cyrillic capital Х, which is acceptable in typewriters but problematic in computers). The Greek Polytonic layout has various dead keys to input the accented letters. Thus, a touch typist can type various foreign languages with a visible English-language keyboard only. Chorded keyboards, such as the Stenotype and Velotype, allow letters and words to be entered using combinations of keys in a single stroke. Even blank keyboards – with no legends – are sometimes used to learn typing skills or by user preference. [13], The most common keyboard layout in modern Russia is the so-called Windows layout, which is the default Russian layout used in the MS Windows operating system. and sold as "Full-size" keyboards. There is also a dedicated Macedonian keyboard that is based on QWERTY (LjNjERTDz) and uses Alt Gr to type the dje and tshe. Programs such as the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator[67] (basic editor, free, for use on MS Windows), SIL Ukelele[68] (advanced editor, free, for use on Apple's Mac OS X), The standard 101/102-key PC keyboard layout was invented by Mark Tiddens of Key Tronic Corporation in 1982. The keys found on a Computer keyboard can be categorize as Alphanumeric keys which contains numbers and letters, Punctuation keys that has comma, period, semicolon and other keys and Special keys with function keys, control, arrow, … It is the final Sebulsik layout designed by Dr. Kong Pyŏng'u, hence the name. Several attempts have been made to create innovative ergonomical layouts, some of them inspired by Dvorak. InScript is the standard keyboard for 12 Indian scripts including Devanagari, Bengali, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu etc. There exist two major forms of keyboard layouts: Dubeolsik (두벌식), and Sebeolsik (세벌식). Both contain a basic Latin layout in its base and shift states, with a few Latin characters in the AltGr shift states. To simplify this, the most common layout for electric typewriters in the United States differed from that for the one most common on manual typewriters. Depending on operating systems, various application programs are available to create, add and switch among keyboard layouts. In the pre-computer times Armenian keyboards had quite a different layout, more suitable for producing letter combinations inherent to the language. The layout has the advantage of having punctuation marks on Latin and Cyrillic layouts mapped on the same keys. [24][25] It does however generally incur higher same-finger n-gram frequencies; or in other words, one finger will need to hit two keys in succession more often than in other layouts. Modern keyboard models contain a set number of total keys according to their given standard, described as 104, 105, etc. The Blickensderfer typewriter, designed by George Canfield Blickensderfer in 1892, was known for its novel keyboard layout, its interchangeable font, and its suitability for travel. Double-Sided & Four-Sided Key - These types of keys have either two or four sets of teeth on them and are most commonly used for home locks. Given a sequence of jamo, there is only one unambiguous way letters can be validly grouped into syllables, so the computer groups them together as the user types. and can also occur in Windows 8, Windows 7 and Windows XP. Physical layouts only address tangible differences among keyboards. The Chinese National Standard on Tibetan Keyboard Layout standardises a layout for the Tibetan language in China.[77]. Consonants occupy the left side of the layout, while vowels are on the right. Modern computer keyboards are designed to send a scancode to the operating system (OS) when a key is pressed or released: this code reports only the key's row and column, not the specific character engraved on that key. This means that a physical keyboard may be dynamically mapped to any layout without switching hardware components – merely by changing the software that interprets the keystrokes. The Dzongkha keyboard layout is very easy to learn as the key sequence essentially follows the order of letters in the Dzongkha and Tibetan alphabet. The Macedonian dze is on this keyboard despite not being used in Serbian Cyrillic. Transliteration is one example of that whereby letters in other language get matched to visible Latin letters on the keyboard by the way they sound. Many times, users can be confused as these keys may be unfamiliar. All keyboards in Israel are fitted with both Latin and Hebrew letters. This layout was developed by Microsoft from the classic Arabic typewriter layout and is used by IBM PCs. In Japanese, the QWERTY-based JIS keyboard layout is used, and the pronunciation of each character is entered using various approximations to Hepburn romanization or Kunrei-shiki romanization. Rubber dome keyboards—most modern, cheap keyboards—have a … In general, the range of possibilities is first narrowed down (often by entering the desired character's pronunciation). With this scientific preparation, Turkey has broken 14 world records in typewriting championships between 1957 and 1995. Now we read about each key. For example, keyboards designed for typing in Spanish have some characters shifted, to make room for Ñ/ñ; similarly those for French or Portuguese may have a special key for the character Ç/ç. AZERTY-mapped, it installs as "Tamazight F" and can be used both on the French locale and with Tamazight locales. For entering Japanese, the most common method is entering text phonetically, as romanized (transliterated) kana, which are then converted to kanji as appropriate by an input method editor. They are named after the first several letters that take over the 'QWERTY' row on the Latin keyboard. Some high end keyboards allow users flexibility to reprogram keyboard mappings at the hardware level. An existing keyboard layout can be edited, and a new layout can be created using this type of software. The rise of iPad devices and the smart touch technology gave birth to another type of keyboard known as a virtual keyboard. However, most operating systems have software that allow the user to easily switch between functional layouts, such as the language bar in Microsoft Windows. These issues can occur in any laptop manufacturers like HP, Lenovo, Dell etc. For example, the Kinesis Advantage contoured keyboard allows for reprogramming single keys (not key combinations), as well as creating macros for remapping combinations of keys (this however includes more processing from the keyboard hardware, and can therefore be slightly slower, with a lag that may be noticed in daily use). Buttons are fewer, so they can be made larger. The U.S. IBM PC keyboard has 104 keys, while the PC keyboards for most other countries have 105 keys. In an operating system configured for a non-English language, the keys are placed differently. There is also the Greek 220 layout and the Greek 319 layout.[13]. Usually the functional layout is set to match the visual layout of the keyboard being used, so that pressing a key will produce the expected result, corresponding to the legends on the keyboard. Nevertheless, significant market forces can result in changes (as in Turkish adoption of QWERTY), and non-core keys are more prone to change, as they are less frequently used and less subject to the lock-in of touch-typing. For example, the letter ល [lɔ] is typed on the same key as the letter L on the English-based qwerty. In this article, we’ll show you some of the most popular keyboard form factors, tell you about their strengths and weaknesses, and suggest some of our favourite keyboards of that type. It differs from the QWERTY layout thus: Lithuanian keyboards use a layout known as ĄŽERTY, where Ą appears in place of Q above A, Ž in place of W above S, and Ū in place of X below S, with Q, W, and X being available either on the far right-hand side or by use of the AltGr key. The Cherokee language uses an 86-character Syllabary. I had thought the sticky keys were enabled so I turned them off. The Tamazight (Tifinagh) standards-compliant layout is optimised for a wide range of Tamazight (Berber) language variants, and includes support for Tuareg variants. The Dvorak layout was named after its inventor, August Dvorak. The bopomofo style keyboards are in lexicographical order, top-to-bottom left-to-right. Azeri keyboards use a layout known as QÜERTY, where Ü appears in place of W above S, with W not being accessible at all. These are designed to reduce finger movement and are claimed by some proponents to offer higher typing speed along with ergonomic benefits. The QZERTY layout was used mostly in Italy, where it was the traditional typewriter layout. Certain virtual keyboards and keyboard layouts are accessible online. The table below identifies non- alphanumeric keys with a description or link for additional information. Release the Alt key, and the character will appear. The Canadian Aboriginal syllabics can be found in the Capslock and AltGr shift states in both layouts as well. It is up to the running application to recognize these codes and insert the appropriate code pair into the document. Its design meets the need to maximize comfort and prevent risks when typing in French. House and car keys are easy to recognize, but other types of keys aren't as noticeable. In some systems, there is no indication to the user that a dead key has been struck, so the key appears dead, but in some text-entry systems the diacritical mark is displayed along with an indication that the system is waiting for another keystroke: either the base character to be marked, an additional diacritical mark, or Space bar to produce the diacritical mark in isolation. Switches are a mechanical keyboard's most important feature. The Blickensderfer keyboard had three banks (rows of keys), with special characters being entered using a separate Shift key; the home row was, uniquely, the bottom one (i.e. The Turkish language uses the Turkish Latin alphabet, and a dedicated keyboard layout was designed in 1955 by İhsan Sıtkı Yener[44](tr). The computer assists the typist by using heuristics to guess which character is most likely desired. [18], Operating systems such macOS, Linux, Android, Chrome OS, and BSD allow a user to switch to the Colemak layout. It also gives importance to retaining letters in the same position or at least the same finger as QWERTY. Non-QWERTY layouts were also used with specialized machines such as the 90-key Linotype type setting machine. Also, many input systems include a "drawing pad" permitting "handwriting" of a character using a mouse. The honeycomb layout has hexagon keys and was invented by Typewise in cooperation with the ETH Zurich[49] in 2015 for smartphones. The extra keys in the bottom row (muhenkan, henkan, and the Hiragana/Katakana switch key), and the special keys in the leftmost column (the hankaku/zenkaku key at the upper left corner, and the eisū key at the Caps Lock position), control various aspects of the conversion process and select different modes of input. The JCUKEN layout was used in the USSR for all computers (both domestically produced and imported such as Japan-made MSX-compatible systems) except IBM-compatible ES PEVM due to its phonetic compatibility with Russian ЙЦУКЕН layout (see right). The unshifted positions are used for accented characters, Uppercase characters, typographical characters, Mathematical symbols and Greek uppercase characters, This page was last edited on 22 December 2020, at 23:49. The most common choice is to not include the numpad, which can usually be fully replaced by the alphanumeric section. It is also fairly widely used in Czechia, Slovakia and other parts of Central Europe. Most modern input methods allow input of both simplified and traditional characters, and will simply default to one or the other based on the locale setting. The current layout Neo 2.0 has unique features not present in other layouts, making it suited for many target groups such as programmers, mathematicians, scientists or LaTeX authors. In Canada, the CSA keyboard is designed to write several languages, especially French. What makes the two layouts this readily interchangeable is that the non-alphabetic keys are identical between them, and alphabetic keys always correspond directly to their counterparts (except the Latin letters Q, W, X, and Y that have no Cyrillic equivalents, and the Cyrillic letters Љ, Њ and Џ whose Latin counterparts are digraphs LJ, NJ and DŽ). [18], It builds upon the QWERTY layout as a base, changing the positions of 17 keys while retaining the QWERTY positions of most non-alphabetic characters and many popular keyboard shortcuts, supposedly making it easier to learn than Dvorak for people who already type in QWERTY without sacrificing efficiency. Apart from a set of characters common to most Cyrillic alphabets, the Serbian Cyrillic layout uses six additional special characters unique or nearly unique to the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet: Љ, Њ, Ћ, Ђ, Џ, and Ј. The four most common Cherry MX switches are the following:The C… Most operating systems allow switching between functional keyboard layouts, using a key combination involving register keys that are not used for normal operations (e.g. [citation needed]. Note that in the standard layout (but not all keyboards), paired delimiters – parentheses (), brackets [], and braces {}, as well as less/greater than <>, – are in the opposite order from the standard in other left-to-right languages. Sebeolsik Final (세벌식 최종; 3-set Final) is another Hangul keyboard layout in use in South Korea. The H key in the QWERTY layout individually yields は, but with the 変換 (R Thumb Shift) key, yields み. Letters with "handakuten" are either typed while the conventional pinky-operated shift key is pressed (that is, each key corresponds to a maximum of 4 letters), or, on the "NICOLA" variation, on a key which does not have a dakuten counterpart. [30] Minimak has versions which changes four, six, eight, or twelve keys, all have only 3 keys change finger. The full stop and comma symbols share a key, requiring the shift key to be held to produce a comma, despite the high relative frequency of comma in the language. During the Soviet era, the Georgian alphabet was adapted to the Russian JCUKEN layout, mainly for typewriters. Keyboard. — see the layout and compare it to the standard QWERTY layout). However, due to hardware constraints, chording three or more keys may not work as expected. It is supported by Microsoft Windows (Vista and later only).[13]. The less frequently used characters are accessed by the Shift key. Windows key + L → Lock your PC or switch accounts. 8 Keyboard Types That You Should Know. Apple supported QZERTY layout in its early Italian keyboards, and currently iPod Touch also has it available.[16]. Some of the earliest printing telegraph machines used a layout similar to a piano keyboard.[2][3]. For example, on some keyboard layouts, the grave accent key ` is a dead key: in this case, striking ` and then A results in à (a with grave accent); ` followed by ⇧ Shift+E results in È (E with grave accent). For example, the "question mark key" doubles as the slash (/) key. Particularly influential have been: the Sholes and Glidden typewriter (1874, also known as Remington No. For most consonants, the shift key selects between a "first series" consonant (unshifted) and the corresponding "second series" consonant (shifted), e.g., ត (dtaw) and ទ (dto) on the T key, or ប (baw) and ព (bpo) on the B key. This method is the fastest because it has the capability to fetch the exact, unambiguous Chinese character which the user has in mind to input, pinpointing to only one character in most cases. Typically found in laptops, and just as the name implies they are flat on top with no curvature. [28], Other layouts lay importance on minimal key deviation from QWERTY to give a reasonable increase in typing speed and ergonomics with minimal relearning of keys.[29]. Windows key + K → Open the Connect quick action. It is also possible to add a second set of characters to a keyboard with keyboard stickers manufactured by third parties. The spacebar therefore produces a zero width space (non-printable U+200B) for invisible word separation. These keys are collectively known as a numeric pad, numeric keys, or a numeric keypad, and it can consist of the following types of keys: Arithmetic operators, numbers, arrow keys, Navigation keys, Num Lock and Enter key. These third-level and fourth-level symbols may be engraved on the right half of the key top, or they may be unmarked. While the pinky-operated ⇧ Shift key is pressed, the same key yields ぱ. The layout was designed to be compatible with the hardware standard in many other countries, but introduced compromises to accommodate the larger alphabet. The usual Greek layout follows the US layout for letters related to Latin letters (ABDEHIKLMNOPRSTXYZ, ΑΒΔΕΗΙΚΛΜΝΟΠΡΣΤΧΥΖ, respectively), substitutes phonetically similar letters (Φ at F; Γ at G) and uses the remaining slots for the remaining Greek letters: Ξ at J; Ψ at C; Ω at V; Θ at U). For Ex: some keyboards have multimedia keys, power buttons, palm rests, gaming type and so on. Soviet computers didn't support Georgian keyboards. On the basis of this property, the InScript keyboard layout scheme was prepared. Of the three, Chinese has the most varied input options. The Cherry MX switches are named after their stem color. If using an ordinary keyboard without the two extra keys, the right Alt key will become the Ha/En key, and the right Ctrl key will become the Hanja key. Learn to Type Faster. Keyboard layouts have evolved over time, usually alongside major technology changes. Maltron and PLUM) or by hobbyists (e.g. Caps lock is usually a shift lock as in AZERTY (see below). There are many different systems developed to type Bengali language characters using a typewriter or a computer keyboard and mobile device. There are two core keyboard types: Mechanical keyboards have individual key switches and metal springs. The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. [48], The ŪGJRMV layout is specifically designed for the Latvian language.[13]. Database supports the following types of keys. Daniele Giacomini, Appunti di informatica libera, Capitolo 108 Introduzione alla tastiera, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "QWERTY vs. Dvorak Efficiency: A Computational Approach", "Latkey: Defining keyboard layouts with stickers", "Full-size, TKL, 60% and more: a guide to mechanical keyboard sizes", "Bug 56998 – Support for the Workman Keyboard Layout (US)", "Apprentissage – Disposition de clavier francophone et ergonomique bépo", "Results list of 47th Intersteno congress", "48th Intersteno congress, Final Results", "F Klavye, İthalat Rejimi Yüzünden Yaygınlaşmıyor! The layout is right-hand biased with both the vowels and many of the most common consonants on the right side of the layout. (In fact, the physical layouts referred such as "ISO" and "ANSI" comply to the primary recommendations in the named standards, while each of these standards in fact also allows the other.) Virtual Keyboard. The layout has been available in Linux since September 2007. The ASCII communications code was designed so that characters on a mechanical teletypewriter keyboard could be laid out in a manner somewhat resembling that of a manual typewriter. This keyboard layout had several problems, one of which was the omission of the letter Ґ, which does not exist in Russian. It is more ergonomic than the dubeolsik, but is not in wide use. Windows key + M → Minimize all windows. It is based on Dr. Kong Byung Woo's earlier work. Workman also balances the load quite evenly between both hands. On a UK keyboard this key combination generates the double-quote character, and UK keyboards are so engraved. Within a community, keyboard layout is generally quite stable, due to the high training cost of touch-typing, and the resulting network effect of having a standard layout and high switching cost of retraining, and the suboptimal QWERTY layout is a case study in switching costs. The First part of explaining Computer keyboards, its different kinds and types of keys. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union a large variety of computers were introduced to post-Soviet countries. In both cases the letters which didn't exist in the Cyrillic or Latin alphabets were substituted by letters that didn't exist in Georgian alphabet. The ⇧ Shift key is also used to type the upper of two symbols engraved on a given key, the lower being typed without using the modifier key. After some controversy and a public discussion in 2008, the proposal was not accepted,[80] although it had been already used in several places – the "Bulgarian Phonetic" layout in MS Windows Vista is based on it. For Apple keyboards there is a different layout. Although Khmer has no capital or lowercase, per se, there are two forms for consonants. Dvorak's original layout had the numerals rearranged, but the present-day layout has them in numerical order. Any specific physical, visual, or functional arrangement of the keys of a computer keyboard, This article is about the physical and visual arrangement of the keys of a computer keyboard and their function as defined by software. Typewriter keys: These keys are the same types of keys you find on an old typewriter: letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols. The JIS standard layout includes Japanese kana in addition to a QWERTY style layout. MTGAP's Layout for a Standard Keyboard / an Ergonomic Keyboard has the lowest finger travel for a standard keyboard, and travel distance for an ergonomic keyboard second only to Arensito keyboard layout. A grave accent in isolated form can be typed by striking ` and then Space bar. Computers in Taiwan often use Zhuyin (bopomofo) style keyboards (US keyboards with bopomofo labels), many also with Cangjie method key labels, as Cangjie is a popular method for typing in Traditional Chinese. It is supported by Microsoft Windows (Windows XP SP2 and later only). To fit on a Sholes-patterned (typewriter or computer) keyboard, the Blickensderfer layout was modified by Nick Matavka in 2012, and released for both Mac OS X and Windows. This is also the reason why no provision for an input of phonetic accent is needed to complement this Input Method. This virtual keyboard[87] offers YaZhERT (яжерт) variant. Version 2 was released in June 2020. keys either as function keys or for other functions like media control, accessing dashboard widgets, controlling the volume, or handling exposé. The current official Bulgarian keyboard layout for both typewriters and computer keyboards is described in BDS (Bulgarian State/National Standard) 5237:1978. The AZERTY layout is used in France, Belgium, and some African countries. The Russian Typewriter layout can be found on many Russian typewriters produced before the 1990s, and it is the default Russian keyboard layout in the OpenSolaris operating system.[82]. The type of key on a Das Keyboard, and what you typically find on most keyboards. The United States keyboard layout is used as default in some Linux distributions.[11]. Both of these problems were resolved with the "improved Ukrainian" keyboard layout for Windows available with Vista and subsequent Windows versions. The Latin alphabet keyboard has a dedicated key for each of the letters A–Z, keys for punctuation and other symbols, usually a row of function keys, often a numeric keypad and some system control keys. A computer keyboard has 104 keys. Keyboard layout in this sense may refer either to this broad categorization or to finer distinctions within these categories. Instead of the Space bar there are two smaller space bars in the middle of the keyboard. First table is “Branch Info” and second table is “Student_Information”. This layout is made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard, and follows the Greek and Armenian layouts in placing most letters at the corresponding Latin letter locations. Today, most keyboards use one of three different physical layouts, usually referred to as simply ISO (ISO/IEC 9995-2), ANSI (ANSI-INCITS 154-1988), and JIS (JIS X 6002-1980), referring roughly to the organizations issuing the relevant worldwide, United States, and Japanese standards, respectively. A computer or standard typewriter keyboard, on the other hand, has four banks of keys, with home row being second from bottom. A key press generates a scancode which is interpreted as an alphanumeric character or control function. This layout is notable for its compatibility with the QWERTY layout; almost all QWERTY symbols that are not alphanumeric are available in Hangul mode. [13] Microsoft Windows also has Swedish with Sami, Norwegian with Sami and Finnish with Sami layouts, which match the normal Swedish, Norwegian, or Finnish keyboards, but has additional Sami characters as AltGr-combinations. It is especially useful when using a terminal, X11 (a Unix environment included with OS X as an install option) or MS Windows. New layout can be emulated in Windows 8, Windows 7 's pronunciation ). [ ]. Are commonly used layout follows the QWERTY keyboard, the `` Universal ''.. Allow entering Cyrillic directly in types of keyboard keys shift-state, the same key as the user group at AFNOR in 1984 under. Replaced the asterisk above the hyphen and in live closed captioning systems [! Such as minimizing finger path distance and making heavy use of the typical QWERTY keyboard is designed reduce... 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